Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy

Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy Title: Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy Planning A. Hypothesis I predict that as temperature rises, the faster are the rates of reaction. The reaction that will be studied in this experiment is between magnesium and sulphuric acid. This reaction is shown in the chemical equation below: Mg (s) + H2S04 (aq) → MgS04 (aq) + H2 (g) In this experiment, 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon will be used, together with 100 cubic centimeters of sulphuric acid which is in excess. The variable that I will be changing is the temperature of the water baths where the reactants (sulphuric acid and magnesium ribbon) will be placed. The volume of the gas (hydrogen gas) to be collected at each varying water bath temperature is 100 cubic centimeters. The time it takes for to collect 100 cubic centimeters of the hydrogen gas will be measured to calculate the rate of reaction. B. Background The fundamental basis of the collision theory is the kinetic theory which describes the state of matter in terms of the energy of its particles, (Energex, 2006). According to Wilbraham and others (1997), â€Å"the kinetic theory says that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. When heated, the particles of the substance absorb energy, some of which is stored within the particles. This stored energy does not raise the temperature of the substance. The rest of the energy goes into speeding up the particles.† Particles lacking the necessary kinetic energy to react still collide but simply bounce back. Substances decompose to simpler forms, or form new substances when supplied with sufficient energy, called the â€Å"activation energy†. The activation energy is a barrier or an obstacle that the reactants must cross in order to decompose into simpler substances, or to combine and form new products. At higher temperatures, the particles of a substance move faster and become more energetic. Thus, increasing temperatures help speed up the reaction by first increasing the amount of collisions of particles and cross over the energy barrier. Wilbraham and others argue that â€Å"the main effect of increasing the temperature is to increase the number of particles that have enough kinetic energy to react when they collide. More colliding molecules are energetic enough to slip over the energy barrier to become products.† The frequency of high energy collisions between reactants increase, thus, products form faster. The illustration above shows the basis for the postulate: â€Å"raising the temperature increases the rate of reaction because the added kinetic energy allows a larger fraction of reactants to go over the hill†, (Norton, 2003). C. Risk Assessment Sulphuric acid is a strong, corrosive substance. Therefore, care should be observed when performing the experiment. I will keep in mind the following safety precautions to ensure a safe experiment: To protect the eyes from the strong acid, goggles should be worn. Care in handling the sulphuric acid should be observed. I will not pipette acid by mouth. The temperature of the water baths should be ascertained carefully to prevent scalding. The beaker with hot water bath should be set up carefully to prevent it from being knocked over. D. Fair test To ensure a fair test and high reliability of results from this experiment, I will observe the following measures: All apparatus and equipment shall be cleaned after each time where the time it takes to collect 100 cc of hydrogen gas is obtained at each run of the experiment. The reading for the volume of the sulphuric acid shall be made very carefully by reading from the lower meniscus of the 100 cubic centimeter mark. The volume of the sulphuric acid and the weight of the magnesium ribbon will be measured very accurately for all time measurements at every temperature level at each run of the experiment. The bung should be correctly and tightly placed to prevent the collected hydrogen gas from escaping. In order to achieve a constant and stable temperature for each time measurement, after adding the magnesium ribbon to the sulphuric acid, I will wait for 20 seconds to make sure that the temperature is kept constant. . Procedure of the experiment: Materials needed: For this experiment, the following are the materials that are to be used: 0.4 grams of Magnesium ribbon 100 cubic centimeters of 0.3 Molar sulphuric acid 100 cc gas syringe for the collection of the hydrogen gas (H2) stopwatch for measuring the time it takes to collect 100 cubic centimeters of the H2 gas Thermometer for measuring the temperature of the hot water baths 200 cc conical flask for the sulphuric acid 500 ml graduated cylinder for measuring the sulphuric acid 500 ml beaker for the water baths water baths with the following temperatures: 18.5 °C, 30 °C, 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, and 70 ºC. analytical balance for measuring 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon Procedure: 1. Set up the materials while making sure that they are clean and the reagents are not contaminated. 2. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 100 cc of 0.3 molar concentration of sulphuric acid. 3. Carefully weigh 0.4 grams of Magnesium ribbon using an analytical balance to make sure that the weight measurement is accurate. 4. Pour the water bath with the desired temperature into the beaker. 5. Carefully put the conical flask with the sulphuric acid and into the beaker with the water bath. 6. Put the 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon into the conical flask. 7. Measure the time it takes to collect 100 cubic centimeters of hydrogen gas into the gas syringe. 8. Repeat steps 1-7 for every desired temperature. 10. Label the time recorded as run 1. 11. Make 2 more runs for this experiment. IV. Results: Data Gathered: The time measurements for each temperature of 18.5 °C, 30 °C, 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, and 70 ºC were obtained and tabulated below (Table 1). Table 1. Temperature Measurements for the Three Runs or Trials The rates of reaction were obtained using the following formula below: Reaction Rate = Volume of gas collected in cc / Time it takes to collect the gas in seconds The calculated reaction rates (Volume / Time) for each set temperature for the three runs were tabulated below: Table 2. Reaction Rate of Each Run The tabulated data of reaction rates above were then graphed for all the three runs. The graph shows the same pattern for all the runs. Graph 1: Reaction Rate Vs. Time Graph of the Three Runs Using the same data, the average of all calculated reaction rates for each set temperature in every run were taken and tabulated below: Table 3: Average Reaction Rate for Each run The average reaction rate of all the three runs are then graphed below: Graph 2: Average Reaction Rate Vs. Temperature. Determination of the Activation Energy: The linear relationship between a rate constant or reaction rate and temperature is given in the equation: In k = -Ea/R X 1/T + In A, which is obtained from the Arrhenius equation that relates temperature, rate constant and activation energy. To solve this equation, the rate constant or reaction rate at several temperature values obtained in the experiment are required. Activation energy can be calculated from the obtained temperature values and each respective rate constant by graphing In k versus 1/T. The In k values were obtained using a calculator, where for every value of reaction rate (k) entered into the calculator, the In function is pressed and the In k value was given. . Table 4: In K and 1 /T Values with the Corresponding Time and Rate of the First Run After obtaining the In k and 1 / T values for the first run, they were graphed as shown below: Graph 3: In k versus 1/T (First Run) The slope of the In k versus 1/T graph for the first run was obtained the using a line of â€Å"best fit† through the points in the graph. A perpendicular line was drawn at points A and B. In the graph, A is equal to the distance between 0.6700 and 0.400 in the Y-axis and B is the distance between points 0.0033 and 0.0032 in the X-axis. So, to solve for the slope: Line A = 0.6740-0.400 = 0.2740 and for line B = 0.0033-.00032= -0.0001 Slope = Line A / Line B = 0.02740 / 0.0001 = -2740 Graph 4: In k Versus 1/T showing the Slope The relationship between slope and activation energy is: slope = -Ea/R. Hence, the activation energy for the reaction for the first run is: -2740= -Ea/R Ea = (-2740) (8.314J/mol) Ea= 22780.36 J/mol Similarly, data for the second run were obtained and tabulated as shown below: Table 4: In K and 1 /T Values with the Corresponding Time and Rate of the Second Run The values of In k and 1/T for the second run were graphed as shown below: Graph 5: In k – 1/T Graph for the Second Run The slope of the above In k versus 1/T graph for the second run was determined by drawing a perpendicular line in the best fit points such as in the graph of the first run. For the second run, the slope is equal to: -1093.16 So, the activation energy for the second run is: -1093.16 = -Ea/R -Ea = (-1093.16) (8.314 J/mol) Ea = 9088.53 J/mol Data for the In k versus 1/T graph for the third run are as follows were similarly obtained and tabulated as follows: The graph of the tabulated data above is shown below: The slope of the above In k versus 1/T above is: -1274.70 So the activation energy for the third run is: -1267.89 = -Ea/R -Ea = (1267.89) (8.314 J/mol) Ea= 10541.23 J /mol Thus, the activation energy values for each run are the following: First run : 22780.36 J/mol Second run : 9088.53 J/mol Third run : 10541.23 J /mol V. Analysis The data gathered clearly show that at higher temperatures, the rates of reactions increase up to a certain point, and then continue to slow down. This can be seen in the first 2 graphs, namely: Graph 1: Reaction Rate Vs. Time Graph of the Three Runs and Graph 2: Average Reaction Rate Vs. Temperature. This means that after sometime, the rate of reaction slows down because the products are already being formed. In the experiment, the plateaus in the graph correspond to the time that the hydrogen gas (H2) are already being formed. The data also showed only one activation energy value for each run. Thus, it only shows that the activation energy in NOT temperature- dependent, NOR is there a direct relationship between the two, since its value does not change with changes in temperature. The relationship between temperature and activation energy as can be concluded in this experiment, is that the temperature increases the capacity of the system to overcome the activation energy needed to form the products. So, the higher the temperature, the faster are the rates or speed of reactions. VI. Evaluation: A. Experimental Uncertainty: In the measurement of the different temperatures for the water baths, the following percentage errors were obtained: For the reading of 18.5 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 18.5 x 100 = 2.7% For 30 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 30 x 100 = 0.16% For 40 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 40 x 100 = 0. 125% For 53 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 53 x 100 = 0. 94% For 60 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 60 x 100 = 0. 83% For 70 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 60 x 100 = 0. 71% In the use of a graduated cylinder with 1 cm scale, the percentage error is plus or minus 0.5 in every 10 cm scale. So, in this experiment, the percentage error can be calculated as: 0.50/100 X 100 = 0.5%. Experimental Outcomes The outcomes of the experiment exactly fit my hypothesis or prediction, that as the temperature rises, the faster is the rate of reaction. However, I did not predict the outcome that the activation energy itself is NOT temperature dependent, since it does not change with the changes in temperature. This is shown in the experiment results, where there was only one activation energy value for all temperature measurements in each run of the experiment. The relationship between temperature and activation energy is based on the fact that the temperature increases the capacity of the system to overcome the activation energy needed to form the products. Design of the Experiment I believe that to improve the experiment, I may need to compare the reaction used in this experiment to a reaction that uses a catalyst to investigate the effect of catalysts on the activation energy and speed of reactions. References: Activation Energy, 2006. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/activate.html#act [Accessed: February 28, 2006]. Collins, M. (1999), Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation. Abbey Newsletter, Vol.23, Number 3, 1999. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/abbey/an/an23/an23-3/an23-308.html. [Accessed: February 29, 2006]. Energex, 2006. Kinetic Theory. http://www.energex.com/au/switched_on/project_info/electricity_production_glossary.html#K. [Accessed: February 29, 2006]. Norton, 2003. Key Equations and Concepts .Chemistry in the Science Context. http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/concepts/chapter14/ch14_5.htm [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. The Shodon Education Foundation, Inc. 1998. The Arrhenius Equation. http://www.shodor.org/UnChem/advanced/kin/arrhenius.html. [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. Wikipedia, 2006. Collision Theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/collision_theory. [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. Wilbraham, A. Stanley D., Matta, M., 1997. Chemistry. 4th edition. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley. (pp.490-494). .

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and Tears :: essays papers

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and Tears â€Å"You can accomplish anything with thought and hard work† – Justin Craig-Kuhn To overcome obstacles is human. When something stands in our way, it’s â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!† in many cases. No matter how difficult a project may seem, hard work and determination will pull us through (or at least, that’s what we tell ourselves). In many cases, it turns out that we do pull through, beating the odds, feeling a great sense of accomplishment in the process. A case and point of this would be the technological and architectural marvels modern humanity has created. Indeed, this is exactly what is represented in these two works. Memorial Bridge seems to capture the essence of human effort. This nearly impressionistic piece depicts a scene in which workers are constructing a bridge in the foreground. Receding into the horizon is what looks to be a highly industrialized city (for 1932) , with smoke rising into the air from factory smokestacks. The fact that parts of this piece seem to be painted in an impasto fashion, coupled with the rather bland colors that make up the piece, leads to the idea of â€Å"slow but steady† movement. Indeed, when I look at this piece, I feel as though I am included in this group of workers, helping them to overcome the obstacle of constructing this bridge. If the background goes to show what this city has already accomplished, the foreground tells me that the work is still in progress. In fact, I am led to the idea that our work is â€Å"never done†; we continually strive for bigger and bigger challenges. Only our blood, sweat, and tears stand in the way of g reat material accomplishments. The second painting, by Peters, also represents the idea of human effort. The technique used to paint this picture seems to be very calculated, but simple, hinting that this tectonic painting is about the mind. The huge suspension bridge that is shown seems to disappear into the vastness of the blue sky, reminding me of the old saying â€Å"The sky’s the limit†, even though this no longer holds true (the picture’s point exactly!). This directly leads to the conclusion that this piece is about the abilities of the human mind to overcome problems. The suspension bridge was a rather new invention at the time this piece was painted, leading me to believe that Peters probably looked on this architectural giant as we would look at a space shuttle today (i.

The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements

The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Fut ure Refinement s Jacqueline Fawcett, Ph. D. , F. A. A. N. Abstract The central concepts and themes of t he discipline of nursing are identified and formalized as nursing’s metaparadigm. Examples illustrate the direction provided by the metaparadigm for theory development. Refinements of the metaparadigm through conceptual models and programs of nursing research are proposed. T he discipline of nursing will advance only through continuous and systematic development and testing of nursing knowledge.Several recent reviews of the status of nursing theory development indicate that nursing has n o established tradition of scholarship. Reviewers have pointed out that most work appears unfocused and uncoordinated, as each scholar moves quickly from one topic to another and as few scholars combine their efforts in circumscribed areas (Chinn, 1983; Feldman, 1980; Hardy, 1983; Roy, 1983; Walker, 1983). Broad areas for theory development ’ are, however, beginning to be recognized. Analysis of past and present writings of nurse scholars indicates that theoretic and empirical work has always centered on just a few global oncepts and has always dealt with certain general themes. This paper identifies these central concepts and themes and formalizes them as nursing’s metaparadigm. Examples are given to illustrate the direction provided by the metaparadigm for theory development. The paper continues with a discussion o f refinements of t he metaparadigm needed at the levels of jacqueline Fawcett, Ph. D. , F. A. A. N. , i s Associate Professor, and Section Chairperson, Science and Role Development, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Page 84 disciplinary matrices and exemplars nd concludes with proposals for future work needed to advance to the discipline of nursing. Present Status of the Metaparadigm of Nursing The metaparadigrn of any discipline i s a statement or group of statemen ts identifying its relevant phenomena. These statements spell out the phenomena of interest in a most global manner. No attempt i s made to be specific or concrete at the metaparadigm level. Eckberg & Hill (1979) explained that the metaparadigm â€Å"acts as an encapsulating unit, or framework, within which the more restricted . . . structures develop† (p. 927). You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanThe Central Concepts of NursingEvidence supporting the existence of a metaparadigm of nursing i s accumulating. A review of the literature on theory development in nursing reveals a consensus about the central concepts of the discipline-person, environment, health, and nursing (Fawcett, 1983; Flaskerud & Halloran, 1980). This consensus i s documented by the following statements: O ne may. . . demarcate nursing in terms of four subsets: 1 ) persons providing care, 2) persons with health problems receiving care, 3) the environment in which care i s given, and 4 ) an end-state, well-being. (Walker, 1971, p. 429) The major concepts identified (from an nalysis of the components, themes, topics, and threads of the conceptual frameworks of 50 baccalaureate nursing programs) were Man, Society, Health, and Nursing. (Yura &Torres, 1975, p. 22) The units person, environment, health, and nursing specify the phenomena of interest to nursi ng science. (Fawcett, 1978, p. 25) Nursing studies the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with their environments. (Donaldson & Crowley, 1978, p. 119) Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Nursing’s focus i s persons, their environments, their health and nursing itself. Bush, 1979, p. 20) Nursing elements are nursing acts, the p atient, and health. (Stevens, 1979, p. l l ) The foci of nursing are the individual in relation to health, the environment, and the change process, whether it be maturation, adaptation, or coping. (Barnard, 1980, p. 208) Nursing i s defined as the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. (American Nurses‘ Association, 1980, p. 9 ) The four conceptual areas of nursing are: the person receiving nursing; the environment within which the person exists; the health-illness continuum within which the erson falls at the time of the interaction with the nurse; and finally, nursing actions themselves. (Flaskerud, cited in Brink, 1980, p. 665) The domain of nursing has always included the nurse, the patient, the situation in which they find themselves, and the purpose of their being together, or the health of the patient. In more formalized terms, . . . the major components of the nursing [metalparadigm are nursing (as an action), client (human being), environment (of the client and of the nurse-client), and health. (Newman, 1983, p. 388) There i s general agreement that the central oncepts of the discipline of nursing are the nature of nursing, the individual who received nursing care, society-environment, and health. (Chinn, 1983, p. 396) These statements indicate that there i s considerable agreement among scholars as t o the concepts central to the discipline of nursing. In fact, a review of the literature revealed no contradictory statements. RecurringThemes The relationships between and among the concepts-person, environment, health, nursing-are elaborated in recurring themes found in works of nurse scholars since Nightingale (1859). These themes are listed in Table 1.Summer, 1984, Volumo XVI, blo. 3 Metaparadigm of Nursing TABLE 1 THEMES OF THE YETAPARAWW OF NURSING 1. The principles and laws that govern the life-process, well-being. and optimum function of human beings, sick or well. 2. The patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in normal life events and critical life situations. 3. The process by which positive changes in health status are elfected. (Donaldson& Crowley, 1978, p. 113; Gortner, 1980, p. 180) The four central concepts and three recurring themes identify the phenomena central to the discipline of nursing in an abstract, global manner. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsThey represent the metaparadigm. As such, they have provided some direction for nursing theory development. As Newman (1983) explained: It i s within the context of these four major components and their interrelationships that theory development in nursing has proceeded. Theoretical differences relate to the emphasis placed on one or more of the components and to the way in which their relationships are viewed. (p. 388) The relationship between the concepts â€Å"person† and â€Å"health† i s considered in the first theme. Theories addressing this theme describe, explain, or predict individuals‘ behavior during eriods of wellness and illness. Newman’s (1979) theory of health i s one example. This theory includes the concepts of movement, time, space, and consciousness. Newman proposes that â€Å"the expansion of consciousness i s what life, and therefore health, i s a ll about† (p. 66). Another example i s Orem’s (1980) theory of self-care, which maintains that â€Å"self-care and care of dependent family members are learned behaviors that purposely regulate human structural integrity, functioning, and human development† (p. 28). S till another example i s Orern’s theory of self-care deficits.This theory maintains that individuals â€Å"are subject t o healthrelated or health-derived limitations that render them incapable of continuous selftare or dependent care or that result in ineffective or incomplete care† (p. 2 7). The relationships among the concepts †person,â€Å" †environment,† and â€Å"health† are considered in the second theme. Theories addressing this theme Summer, 1B84, Volume XVI, No. 3 describe, explain, or predict individuals’ behavioral patterns as they are influenced by environmental factors during periods of wellness and illness. Such theories place the individuals ithin th e context of their surrounding environment rather than considering them in isolation, as in the first theme. Roy and Roberts’ (1981) theory of the person as an adaptive system i s an example. This theory proposes that the person i s a system that adapts to a constantly changing environment. Adaptation i s accomplished through the action of coping mechanisms called the â€Å"regulator† and the â€Å"cognator. † The relationships among the â€Å"person,’’ â€Å"health,† and â€Å"nursing† are considered in the third theme. Environment may also be taken into account here. This heme i s addressed by theories about nursing practice. These theories describe or explain nursing processes or predict the effects of nursing actions. King‘s (1981) theory of goal attainment i s one example. King explains: that a paradigm, or disciplinary matrix, i s more restrictive than a metaparadigm, and that i t â€Å"represents the shared commitments of any disciplinary community, including symbolic generalizations, beliefs, values, and a host of other elements† (p. 926). The authors went on to say, A disciplinary matrix may be seen as the special subculture of a community. It does ot refer to the beliefs of an entire discipline (e. g. biology), but more correctly t o those beliefs of a specialized community (e. g. phage workers in biology). (p. 926) Identification of the metaparadigm i s an important step i n the evolution of a scholarly tradition for nursing. The n e x t step i s r efinement o f t h e metaparadigm concepts and themes, which occurs at the level of the paradigm or disciplinary matrix, rather than at that of the metaparadigm. The Disciplinary Matrix Eckberg and Hill (1979) explained Most disciplines have more than one disciplinary matrix.Each one represents a distinctive frame of reference within which the metaparadigm phenomena are viewed. Furthermore, each disciplinary matrix reflects a particular researc h tradition by identifying the phenomena that are within its domain of inquiry, the methods that are to be used to investigate these phenomena, how theories about these phenomena are to be tested, and how d ata are to be collected (Laudan, 1981, p. 151). More specifically, the research tradition of each disciplinary matrix includes six rules that encompass all phases of an investigation. The first rule identifies the precise nature f the problem to be studied, the purposes to be fulfilled by the investigation, or both. The second rule identifies the phenomena that are to be studied. The third rule identifies the research techniques that are to be employed and the research tools that are to be used. The fourth rule identifies the settings in which data are to be gathered and the subjects who are to provide the data. The fifth rule identifies the methods to be employed in reducing and analyzing the data. The sixth rule identifies the nature of contributions that the research will make to the advancement of knowledge. (Schlotfeldt, 1975, p. ) In nursing, disciplinary matrices are most clearly exemplified by such conceptual models as Johnson‘s (1980) Behavioral System Model, King’s (1981) Open Systems Model, Levine’s (1973) Conservation Model, Neuman’s (1982) Systems Model, Orem’s (1980) Self-care Model, Rogers’ (1980) Life Process Model, and Roy’s (1984) Adaptation Model. Each Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Page 85 . . . nurse and client interactions are characterized by verbal and nonverbal communication, in which information i s exchanged and interpreted; by transactions, in which values, needs, and wants of each ember of the dyad are shared; by perceptions of nurse and client and the situation; by self in role of client and self in role of nurse; and by stressors influencing each person and the situation in time and space. – (p. 144) Orem’s ( 1 980) theory of nursing systems is another ex ample. This theory maintains that †nursing systems are formed when nurses use their abilities to prescribe, design, and provide nursing for legitimate patients (as individuals or groups) by performing discrete actions and systems of actions† (p. 29). Refinement of the Metaparadigm Metaparadigm of Nursing f these nursing models puts forth a distinctive frame of reference within which the metaparadigm phenomena are viewed. Each provides needed refinement of the metaparadigm by serving as a focus-†ruling some things in as relevent, and ruling others out due to their lesser importance† (Williams, 1979, p. 96). Conceptual models of nursing are beginning to make major contributions to the development of nursing theory. Theories derived directly from King’s model and from Orem’s model were identified earlier. A considerable amount of empirical work designed to test unique nursing theories as well as heories borrowed from other disciplines i s n ow bein g guided by nursing models. Some of the studies are listed in Table 2. TABLE 2 Examples of Research Derived From Conceptual Models of Nursing Oorothy Johnson’s BehavioralSystem Model -An instrument for theory and research development using the behavioral systems model for nursing: The cancer patient. Part I (Derdiarian, 1983). -An instrument for theory and research development using the behavioral systems model for nursing: The cancer patient. Part II (Derdiarian & Forsythe, 1983). -Achievement behavior in chronically ill children (Holaday, 1 974) Maternal response to their chronically ill infants’ attachment behavior of crying (Holaday, 1981) -Maternal conceptual set development: Identifyingpatterns of maternal response to chronically ill infant crying (Holaday, 1 982) -Development of a research tool: Patient indicators of nursing care (Majesky, Brester, & Nishio, 1 978) Myra Levine’s Conservation Model -Effects of lifting techniques on energy expenditure: A pr eliminary investigation (Geden, 1 982) – A comparision of two bearing-downtechniques during the second stage of labor (Yeates & Roberts, 1984) Betty Neuman’s Systems Model Effects of information on postsurgical coping (Ziemer. 1 983) Dorothea Orem’s Self-care Model -Application of Orem’s theoretical constructs to selfcare medication behaviors in the elderly (Harper, 1984) -Development of an instrument to measure exercise of self-care agency (Kearney & Fleischer, 1 979) Martha Roger’s Life Process Model -The relationship between identification and patterns of change in spouses’ body images during and after pregnancy (Fawcett, 1977) -Patients’ perceptions of time: Current research (Fitzpatrick, 1 980) -Reciprocy and helicy used t o relate mEGF and wound healing (Gill & Atwood, 1 981) Therapeutic touch as energy exchange: Testing the theory (Ouinn, 1 984) Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model -Needs of cesarean birth parents (Fawcett, 1 981) -An exploratory study of antenatal preparation for ce- Page 86 sarean birth (Fawcett & Burritt, in press) -Clinical tool development for adult chemotherapy patients: Process and content (Lewis, Firsich. & Parsell, 1 979) -Content analysis of interviews using a nursing model: A look at parents adapting to the impact of childhood cancer (Smith, Garvis, & Martinson, 1 983) Despite the contributions already made by nursing models to theory development, much more work i s needed.In particular, rules addressing methodology and instrumentation must be specified. Moreover, programs of research emanating from each model must be conducted to refute or validate nursing theories. Programmatic research probably i s carried out most expediently by communities of scientists. Hardy (1983) explained that each community of scientists i s . . . a g roup of persons w h o are aware of their uniqueness and the separate identity of their group. The have a special coherence which separates them from n eighboring groups, and this special bond means they have a shared set of values and a common commitment which operates as hey work together t o achieve a common goal. Coordination of their activities may include interaction among the coordination of institutions, organizations, groups, and individuals. Such coordinated groups hold a common perspective, common values and common bonds, a nd they have common sets of activities and functions which they carry out to achieve a common outcome. (p. 430) Each community of scientists, then, represents a distinctive subculture, or disciplinary matrix, of the parent discipline. It can be argued that communities of scientists may be formed outside the organizing framework of nursing models.However, it also can be argued that conceptual models of nursing, like the disciplinary matrices of other disciplines, are the most logical nuclei for communities of scientists. This argument i s supported by three facts. First, the curricula of most schools o f nursing now are based on conceptual models. Second, most graduate programs and many undergraduate programs offer courses dealing with the content and uses of nursing models. And third, clinical agencies are beginning to organize the delivery of nursing care according to the tenets of conceptual ‘models. image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Collectively, these facts mean that cademicians, students, clinicians, and administrators are thinking about nursing theory, nursing research, and nursing practice within the context of explicit conceptual models. It i s probable, then, that eventually the development of a ll nursing theory will be directed by nursing models. It may even by possible to categorize seemingly isolated past and current work according to conceptual models. This should provide more organization for extant nursing knowledge and should identify gaps and needed areas of inquiry more readily than is possible now. Moreover, such an endeavor should identify membe rs of different ommunities of scientists to each other as w ell as t o the larger scientific community. Exemplars S till further refinement of the metaparadigm i s needed a t the most restrictive level-that of the exemplar. Eckberg and Hill (1979) identified the function of an exemplar as permitting â€Å"a way of seeing one’s subject matter on a concrete level, thereby allowing puzzle solving to take place† (p. 927). They went on to explain: For a discipline to b e a science it must engage i n puzzle-solving activity; but puzzle solving can only be carried out if a community shares concrete puzzle solutions, or exemplars.It i s t he exemplar that i s i mportant, not merely the disciplinary matrix, and certainly not merely the general presuppositions of t he community [i. e. , the metaparadigm]. The latter may be important, but they do n ot direct ongoing, dayto-day research. (p. 927) There i s some evidence of exemplars in nursing. This includes but is not limited to Fitzpatrick’s (1980) programmatic research on time perception; studies o effects of information f about a threatening procedure on a patient’s responses to the procedure (e. g. , Hartfied, Cason, & Cason, 1982; Johnson, Fuller, Endress, & Rice, 1978; Ziemer, 19831, and investigations of actors contributing to the outcomes of social support (Barnard, Brandt, Raff, & Carroll, 1984 in press). These researchers are beginning to solve some of the major puzzles of nursing. However, more work i s needed to identify other puzzles and to develop methods for their solutions. Summer, 1984, Volume XVI, No. 3 Metaparadigm of Nursing Conclusion It is time to formally accept the central concepts and themes of nursing as the metaparadigm of the discipline. It i s also time to direct efforts toward furf ther refinement o this metaparadigm by developing specific rules for the empirical work needed to generate nd test nursing theories within the context of conceptual ‘models. The m etaparadigm must be refined still further through the developing of new puzzle-solving activities that will provide answers to the most pressing problems encountered by nurse clinicians, educators, and ddministrators. Any one of these activities would in itself make a significant contribution to the discipline; a ll three could quite possibly be the major accomplishments of the decade. ‘As used here, theory development reft. r to generation a nd testing of theory. and encornpasiei †ivory tower† theorizing as well as empirical rewarch.References American Nurses’ As5ocialion. Nursing: A social policy statement. Kansas City, Missouri: ANA, 1980. Barnard, K. E. Knowledge for practice: Direction5 for the future. Nursing Research, 1980. 29, 208-21 2. Barnard, K . E. , Brandt, P. , Raff. 8.. & Carroll, P. (Ed,. ). Social support and families of vulnerable infants. New York: March of Dimes, 1984. Brink, P. 1. Editorial. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 1980, 2, 665-666. Buih, H . A. Models for nursing. Advances i n Nursing Science, 1979, l ( 2 ) . 13-21. Chinn, P. L. Nursing theory development: Where we have been and where we are going.In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time to speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Donaldson, S. K. , & Crowley, D. M . The discipline of nursing. Nursing Outlook, 1978, 26, 113-120. Eckberg, D. L .. & Hill, L. , Jr. The paradigm concept and sociology: A critical review. American Sociological Review, 1979, 44,925-937. Fawcett, 1. The â€Å"what† of theory development. In Theory developmenk What, why, how? (pp. 17-33). New York: National League for Nursing, 1978. Fawcett, 1. (1983). Hallmarks of success in nursing theory development. In P. L. Chinn, (Ed. ), Advances i n nursing theory development (pp. -17). Rockville, Maryland: Aspen. Feldrnan, H. R. Nursing research in the 1980s: Issues and implications. Advances in N ursing Science, 1980, 3(1);85-92. Fitzpatrick, 1. J . Patients perception s of time: Current research. International Nursing Review, 1980, 27, 148-153, 160. Flaskerud. 1. H. , & Halloran, E. J. Areas of agreement in nursing theory development. Advances in Nursing Science, 1980, 3(1), 1-7. Hardy. M. Metaparadigrnsand theory development. In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A t ime t o speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Hartfield. M. k Cason, C. L. , & Cason, C. J . Effects of , information about a threatening procedure on patients‘ expectations and emotional distress. Nursing Research, 1 982,31,202-206. lohnson, D. E . The behavioral system model for nursing. In J . P. Riehl & C. Roy, (Eds. ), Conceptual models for nursing practice (2nd ed. ). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980. Johnson. 1 . E. , Fuller, S . 5.. Endress, M. P . , & Rice, V S. . Altering patients’ responses to surgery: An extension and replication. Research in Nursing and Health, 1978, 1 , 111-121. King. I. M. A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts, process. N ew York: Wiley, 1981. Neurnan, B .The Neuman systems model: Application t o nursing education and practice. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1982. Newrnan, M. A. Theory development in nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1979. Newrnan, M . A. The continuing revolution: A history of nursing science. I n N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time t o speak. New York: McGrawHill, 1983. Nightingale, F. Notes on nursing: What it is, a nd what it i s not. London: Harrison, 1859. (Reprinted by L i p pincott, 1946) Orem, D. E. Nursing: Concepts of practice (2nd ed. ). New York: McCraw-Hill, 1980. Rogers, M. E . A n introduction to t he theoretical basisk f nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1970. Roy, C. I ntroduction to nursing: An adaptation model. (2nd Ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 1984. Roy, C. Theory development in nursing: Proposal for direction. In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time t o speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Roy, C. , & R oberts, S . L . Theory construction i n nursing: An adaptation model. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1981. Schlotfeldt, R. M. The needs for a conceptual framework, In P . J. Verhonick (Ed. ), Nursing research I. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975. Stevens, 8. J. N ursing theory.Analysis, application, evaluation. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979. Walker, L. 0. Toward a clearer understanding of the concept of nursing theory. Nursing Research, 1971, 20, 428-435. Walker, L. 0. Theory and research in the development of nursing as a discipline: Retrospect and prospect. In N . L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time to speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Williams, C. A. The nature and development of conceptual frameworks. In F. S . Downs & I . W . Fleming, (Eds. ) Issues in nursing research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1979. Ziemer, M. M. Providing patients with information rior t o surgery and the reported frequency of coping behaviors and development of symptoms foll ow ing surgery. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1982. A Response to D r. J . Fawcett’s Paper: â€Å"The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Fut ure Refinement s† June N. Brodie, R. N. , Ph. D. D r. Fawcett’s formulation of a metaparadigm for nursing represents a commendable effort to consolidate competing nursing theories and encompasses enormous potential for the advancement of nursing knowledge, research, and practice meriting serious consideration by nursing une N . Brodie, R. N. , Ph. D . i s Associate Professor of Nursing Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Summer, 1984, Volume XVI, No. 3 scholars. This response focuses on how she accomplished this task (what she did and how she did it as well as what she didn’t do and what needs to be done). Essentially Dr. Fawcett’s metaparadigm can be viewed as an evolution of a nursing metaparadigm and an organization of the growth of nursing knowledge rath er than as a completed and finalized product. To be more explicit, the basis of the paper exhibits the spirit of Darwinian Evolution and ould be treated as a manifestation of Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship a transitional phase i n the competition for the survival of the fittest (theory). The metaparadigm represents a serious and scholarly attempt to negotiate entry into a different level of the theoretical arena of nursing knowledge. This task was accomplished by examining the concepts derived from the phenomena of the discipline and converging these concepts into a context pertinent to the domain of nursing by providing a structure (a metaparadigm) that has the potential of consolidating disparate nursing theories into Page 87

RH disease essays

RH disease essays Rh disease is a blood disorder that affects over 4,000 babies in the United States every year. This disease affects newborns every year because of an incompatibility between the mothers blood and her fetus during pregnancy. It causes severe destruction of the fetus red blood cells. This disease does not affect the mothers health at all, but can result in the baby having yellow skin and eyes, anemia, brain damage, heart failure, or even cause death among some newborns. An Rh factor in an inherited protein found on the surface of a persons red blood cells. When someone is born with out this factor, they are considered to be Rh negative. If a woman is Rh negative, and conceives a baby with an Rh-positive man, it is possible that her baby could inherit the fathers Rh-positive blood. This is a problem because due to the fact that the mother and babies Rh factors are not the same, the mothers body often develops antibodies that try to fight off the babys Rh-positive blood. These antibodies will then in turn destroy the fetal blood cells, resulting in Rh disease. When a womans body develops these antibodies against her baby, it is called sensitization. A woman can find out if she is Rh-negative by receiving a simple blood test from her doctor or obstetrician. If in fact a woman is Rh-negative and pregnant, there are two options that a woman can take. If it the womans first child she can often wait until she delivers the baby, and then receive an injection with in the first 72 hours after the baby was born. A woman can also receive an injection about 28 weeks into her pregnancy to help prevent the development of antibodies against the baby. If a woman opts to have the injections before birth, the injections must be repeated every 12 weeks. The injection that the woman receives is called immunoglobulin (RhIg) or RhoGam. This injection works to prevent the development or ...

Bank Corruption Literature Review Essay

Bank Corruption Literature Review Essay Bank Corruption Literature Review Essay Example Bank Corruption Literature Review Essay Example Arshad, S., Rizvi, S. (2013). Impact of corruption on bank profitability: An analysis of Islamic banks. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 8(3), 195. The authors of the article discuss the fact of bank corruption on the examples of Islamic countries. The main claim of the article consists in the idea that corruption is one of the most negative social processes that bears negative influence on the economy of the country. Arshad and Rizvi (2013) have a conviction that despite the negative results of the corruption, banks have a tendency to prosper during this process. In addition, the assumption is based on the research conducted on the comparison of the amount of corruption and the banks’ income. The study showed that the more level of corruption in a country is, the more prosperity the banks experience. This assumption can be characterized as a credible one due to the obtained results. Additionally, this idea can be used in the economic planning: the action of corruption has to be moved in the correct direction, which, on the one hand, would control the levels of corruption, and on the other hand, balance its level with banks’ prosperity and have a positive effect on a country’s development. As a consequence, this strategy can be applied to the economic policy regarding various types of regulations aimed at controlling the balance and interaction between corruption and bank system. Bodenhorn, H. (2015). Bank chartering and political corruption in antebellum. National Bureau of Economic Research, Corruption and Reform: Lessons from Americas Economic History, 231-257. Speaking about the types of policy that are called to collaborate with banks and private business, the author of the article regards the notion of corruption in the framework of the contemporary particularities of the economy. Along with this, the authors distinguish the advantages and drawbacks of the democracy as a political power in connection with the banking in the world. Having conducted the research, Bodenhorn (2015) claims that banks have a tendency to â€Å"provide some appreciation for the potential scale for corruption and bribery† (Bodenhorn, 2015, p. 240). In other words, similarly to Arshad and Rizvi, the author sees a great benefit of bank corruption. On the one hand, in the light of bank corruption, there is only one side that suffers a country. On the other hand, the prosperity of the banks is a manifestation of the country’s flourish, in any case. It means that the benefits that can be extracted from bank corruption have to move in the same direction with the stated policy of a country. Applying this point of view to the official policy would contribute to the rising of the taxes and fees payment amount, which is generally acknowledged to be vitally important for a country. Casillas, G., Paredes, D., Cervantes, A., Torres, S. (2015). New measures to fight corruption and conflict of interest. The authors of the article are convinced that corruption should not be regarded as something completely unexpected. They think that corruption is as usual as, for instance, elections or a law-making process. It is necessary to regard this phenomenon from another point of view. The main claim of the article consists in the assumption that it is important to establish a so-called sense of transparency. The more governmental control over economy and bank system is produced, the more exactness and transparency will it provide. This proposal is worth of the further regard since the democracy, as well as the social order established long time ago, needs updating. This presupposes the change of the things and the way of thinking, which had been unsuitable for or not understood by the people. This sort of things comprises of the corruption and its manifestations within society. Certainly, it takes time to create a new system of the policies, which would incorporate the basis and traditions of the former styles of governing. It is necessary, however, to understand the course of time and its particularities, which require to be up-to-date, and to create a system that would provide the successful functioning of a country. Hence, implementing corruption in the bank system of a country will permit to enrich the state budget due to the money incoming. Campos, J., Pradhan, S. (2007). The many faces of corruption. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. The book in question discusses the history of the phenomenon known as corruption. The authors provide a reader with a number of stories that illustrate how corruption was widespread throughout the humankind’s history. Campos and Pradhan (2007) suppose that corruption has always been an integral and inseparable part of the society and politics. As a consequence, the authors have a conviction that bank corruption as a spread particularity of the contemporary society has a right to exist. The essential strategy provided in the book is centered on the assumption that bank corruption should be a legislative phenomenon, which will contributes to the country’s prosperity. Analyzing such an approach, it is possible to draw the conclusion that bank corruption is becoming a positive tendency. Oppositely, the authors believe, corruption has never been a positive phenomenon. The point is that it is an important and complex task for the government to turn it into a useful one and make it bring fruitful results that are expected. In other words, the many challenges that numerous countries of the world are currently facing can be met by making corruption a positive event. Obviously, it is necessary to elaborate a well-laid plan that would be followed during many years. Implementing such a vision of corruption will totally change the world and make it live and function in another way. Johannesson, I., Steendam, M. (2014). Can mobile banking reduce the presence of corruption? A minor field study in Kenya. The article written by Johannesson and Steendam (2014) represents a brand new approach to the notion of corruption. The authors of the article do not state that corruption should be legalized or make an emphasis that it is a positive phenomenon. The solution for the bank corruption proposed in the article is characterized as the most innovative, and it is expected to produce fruitful results. In their article, the authors discuss a multimedia platform known as M-Pesa called to stabilize the country’s financial and economic affairs by controlling and observing the vast sums of money circulating in the banks. This will permit to find and prove the fact of corruption and its amount. In reality, this program can be implied in the majority of the biggest world banks, as well as the banks of the poor countries. The last ones are the most suitable for this program since the phenomenon of corruption is extremely spread within their economies. Implementation of the program is called to serve as a powerful tool in overcoming the negative outcomes of corruption. Kolstad, I., Fritz, V., O’Neil, T. (2008). Corruption, anti-corruption efforts and aid: Do donors have the right approach. The article in question represents a result of the project conducted in order to establish the linkage between effective governance principles and the poverty rates decrease. The authors have a conviction that corruption is a mechanism that lies between these two aspects. It has neither positive nor negative impact. This phenomenon, in the authors’ opinion, is called to divide the countries into such categories as poor, developing or rich. Bank corruption as an essential part of the overall corruption serves, in addition to this, as a tool that shows whether a country is able to transcend from one class to another and indicates what amount of attempts should be taken. This approach is based on the research conducted and the results obtained. According to its results, the constantly growing interest in corruption is determined by the necessity of it reduction or making it play a role of contributing factor in a country’s economy. The ideas presented in the article can be interpreted in a dual way; however, it is necessary to understand that such a vision of corruption in the bank area is worth of implementing in order to help overcome poverty in the countries that experience it. Krudop, J. (2010). Surviving financial corruption: The attack of a rogue bank. Tate Publishing. The book under analysis represents a financial and economic issue of bank corruption experienced in the USA. The book is built as a memoir with scientific explanations and proofs of the phenomenon of bank corruption. The author states that the essential idea here is not to struggle against it, but change the way of thinking in such a way that would make bank corruption work for the benefit of the country. Such an approach is one of the most progressive, and it summarizes the ideas of the mentioned above articles and books, which state that the best way to stop any socially acknowledged negative phenomena is to legalize them. Having the bank corruption legalized will, first and foremost, stop the fact of struggling; secondly, it will direct the flows of money into the necessary areas. As a consequence, the states and countries will have an extra income for their local and central budgets. This fact is called to contribute to the growth of economy and industry, improving people’s quality of life. The process of changing the understanding of corruption within banks will implement the newer vision of bank system. Capitalism, as the author has a conviction, has two ways to exist nowadays: on the one hand, it can stay the same and stop its existing by self-destruction; on the other hand, it can be reborn by the numerous and absolute changes, which would take place not only in the external part of the human life and activity, but inside the human mind. Manacorda, S., Forti, G., Centonze, F. (2014). Preventing corporate corruption. Cham: Springer International Publishing. The book regards the bank corruption at the international level and explains the reasons of its beginning, evolution and thriving. Along with this, the authors make an emphasis on the examples of international bank corruption and show the consequences they have on a single country and international relations. The authors have distinguished a so-called Anti-Bribery Corruption Model, whose main idea and principle of work consists in preventing corruption inside the private companies, firms, organizations and corporations. This, as the authors believe, will contribute to the improvement of economic situation and will establish stability. Analyzing this tool, one can think that is really likely to work and perform great results. (This had been proved due to its usage by several US companies, the majority of which was represented by banks). Implementing this program into all the banks functioning in the USA, for instance, will save an incredibly large amount of money. In other words, the states and central government will have financial benefits manifold larger than they currently have. It means that the proper application of the method is able to improve a great number of social life areas and the quality of citizens’ lives. Olken, B., Pande, R. (2011). Corruption in developing countries. Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab’S Governance Initiative, August. The article represents an innovative look at bank corruption and explains the ways it will function in the future. The advantage of the article is that it provides a reader with a number of definitions of corruption in order to investigate the ways it influences economy and the methods that are likely to be applied to overcome it. The key point of the article consists in the idea that â€Å"bureaucratic corruption takes place at the implementation end of public policies† (Olken Pande, 2011, p. 4). In other words, the authors have a conviction that corruption brings decline in whatever field of human activity and it has to be stopped. The ways to do this can be numerous. One of the most effective one, in accordance with the authors, consists in the improvement of the law system. Furthermore, the authors suggest widely using the most recent technological devices called to contribute to prevention of corruption. This idea can be characterized as useful; however, it does not provide an innovative way of look at the problem, i.e. it is mainly based on the traditional way of struggle against corruption, which is not acknowledged as an effective or fruitful one. It means that this is not enough to change or fix the law system – it is more important to change human outlook and perception of the outcomes that corruption results in.

McDonald's Seniors Restaurant Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McDonald's Seniors Restaurant - Assignment Example These elderly people do not have much to do, and can therefore comfortably spend half their day at her restaurant. According to the case, Quinn’s decision to accommodate her senior customers’ needs by allowing them to spend unlimited time at the restaurant does not improve the image of her McDonald’s franchise. Instead, it tarnishes it, and makes her restaurant appear like a rendezvous point for the old people in her town. The seniors spend a lot more time interacting within the facility than they do making actual purchases. They remain there for hours and fill up the chairs that would have otherwise been occupied by a consecutive number of people. If this trend continues, then Quinn’s profits may plummet. This is because the opportunity cost incurred per chair during these periods is too high to be overlooked. In addition, younger customers may also not want to be associated with a restaurant that has a predominantly elderly crowd. On the other hand, Quin n has successfully established a niche market for herself within the elderly population in her town. She is assured that she can rely on this crowd to bring in the bulk of her income. These seniors value the relationship that they have created with Quinn and her employees above the expenses that they incur whenever they eat at her restaurant (Blythe, 2005). It is almost certain that there will always be old people for Quinn to attend to. They are not as energetic and ambitious as the youth, and would therefore opt to remain where they currently reside. It is therefore necessary that she works towards retaining this loyal clientele. In this regard, Quinn should definitely encourage the senior citizens to keep coming to her restaurant. The party room area, which is able to hold as many as 150 people, should be converted into a recreational space for the seniors. These older people can play the bingo games there, and this would prevent congestion in the main dining area during the morn ing hours. It would also allow her employees to establish a similarly good rapport with the younger patrons who frequent the restaurant. Young customers are generally impatient, and thus if they feel neglected, then they would opt to have their meals elsewhere. Additional room in the dining area would also attract more people to the restaurant. However, there should never be, as Blythe (2005) puts it, â€Å"an over-emphasis of acquiring new customers, at the expense of ensuring that the firm keeps its old ones.† The seniors, who have been Quinn’s loyal customers all through, must continue to enjoy excellent services. Quinn McMahon should introduce the bingo idea during the slow morning hours of 9am to 11am. Since bingo games are popular with some senior citizens, she should ensure that the party room is available for the games. The bingo idea is very viable because it will earn her extra revenue above the normal food and drink purchases. The customers will be charged $ 2 each for the two-hour period and run the game with two of her employees who are underutilized. Quinn should also ensure that coupons are readily available as the prizes to make the games legal, and enable senior citizens to make purchases with them at her retail store. The coupons should also amount to a huge amount of the bingo receipts sold in small amount prices to

Happy Trails Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Happy Trails Management - Article Example The foremost reason for this is that Happy Trails is a 'for profit organization' which means that it is expected to be able to fund once in a month collective bargaining agreements or meetings. The need for such meetings would not arise so often as once in a month unless some urgent matters are at hand. Secondly, the implication that salary increases will suffer might be taken as an underlying threat to LPN's for unionizing. Moreover, a third implication can be, lets say the LPN's do not unionize due to this very reason, will happy Trails fulfill their implied promise of raising salaries for not unionizing or on half yearly or yearly basis' Considering this it seems it would be a temporary solution to keep the union at bay, but it would emerge any time. It is a better strategy to let them form an association and deal with them by collective bargaining. The threat element in this strategy makes it a bad move. This would be one of the best counter union strategies to discuss the benefits of being employees of Happy Trails as objectively as possible. However, the dialogue should remain strictly objective and should not seem as if the management is threatened by the LPN's decision to unionize and wants them to back out. It should be an objective statement of what is already being provided to them by the management and what they can further expect in future. Under the NRLA, the employer can not promise benefits to the employees to discourage them from forming unions. This strategy has to be practiced very tactfully and with care. 4. Threaten to close the facility due to the Union Campaign I would strictly advise Happy Trails' management against any such moves. The "threat" element in any outgoing communication from the management side is enough to provide opportunity for activists to raise charges against the organization. The employees are protected under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959(Landrum Griffin Act) Title VI and have the right to form unions and to raise issues like labor relations practices. Title VI provides the authority to investigate the disciplining, sanctions, penalties or threats on part of employers to the union members. 5. Assist in the circulation of anti union petitions. In the immediate future this would not be a prudent move since it would serve the purpose of bringing the LPN's together and would provide a cause to fight in future. However, in the longer run, the management could maybe patronize another union within the organization which would serve as a competitive force to the LPN's union. 6.Counter Union Exaggerated claims on flyers This would be perceived as an anti-union move and Happy Trails can face litigation under NRLA. Flyers would provide written proof against Happy Trails and their anti union moves. 7. Tell employees that they do not need to talk to union organizers, they can vote against the union, and the organization does not welcome the Union. Happy Trails can not follow any of these strategies since the unions are protected by NLRA. 8. Solicit employees to request the return of their authorization cards Under the NRLA, employers can not "Question employees about their union sympathies or activities in circumstances that tend to interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights under the